A standard IPv4 address consists of four decimal numbers (octets) separated by dots.
1. The 8-bit Rule:
Each octet in an IPv4 address is represented by 8 bits. The range of a decimal number that can be represented by 8 bits is $0$ to $255$ ($2^8 - 1 = 255$).
2. Validating the Options:
• (1) 20.110.254.160: All numbers are between 0 and 255. (Valid)
• (2) 25.256.230.10: The second octet is 256. Since the maximum possible value for an octet is 255, 256 is mathematically impossible in a standard IPv4 address. (Invalid)
• (3) 230.110.230.230: All numbers are between 0 and 255. (Valid)
• (4) 10.11.234.234: All numbers are between 0 and 255. (Valid)
3. Conclusion:
Because the number 256 exceeds the 8-bit limit of an IP octet, Option (2) is not a correct IP address.