Question

(For Visually Impaired Candidates)
Name any two important capitals of the early states.
Name one area which was under the rule of Aurangzeb.
me the capital of Vijayagara Empire.
Mention any two main centres of Indian tiol Movement.

Hint:

For visually impaired candidate questions: To guarantee full marks, write the most direct and universally recognized textbook answers. Prioritize Pataliputra and Rajagriha for ancient capitals, Hampi for Vijayagara, and Champaran or Dandi for the tiol movement.

Answer 1

Step 1: Identifying Capitals of Early States (34.1):
A visually impaired candidate can write the mes of any two important administrative capitals of the early ancient states (Mahajapadas) that arose in northern India in the $6^{\text{th}}$ century BCE:
• Pataliputra: Located in modern-day Pat (Bihar), it was strategically situated at the confluence of the Ganga and Son rivers. It served as the grand imperial capital of the Magadhan Empire under the Mauryas, ndas, Shungas, and Guptas, acting as the epicenter of ancient Indian statecraft.
• Rajagriha (Rajgir): The origil capital of the Magadhan state before it was shifted to Pataliputra in the $5^{\text{th}}$ century BCE. Literally translating to “home of the king,” it was a highly secure, fortified settlement turally protected and surrounded by five prominent hills.
• Ujjayini (Ujjain): The prosperous capital of the western Mahajapada of Avanti, which served as a major commercial and administrative hub connecting northern trade routes to the ports of western India.

Step 2: Identifying Mughal Territory or Vijayagara Capital (34.2):
Depending on the option chosen by the candidate, provide either:
• For Aurangzeb's Area of Rule: The student can write Bijapur or Golconda. These powerful Deccan Sultates were conquered and annexed into the Mughal Empire by Aurangzeb in $1686$ and $1687$ respectively, extending the Mughal frontiers to their greatest historical extent in southern India.
• For Capital of the Vijayagara Empire: The candidate can write Vijayagara (widely known today by its magnificent archaeological ruins of Hampi), founded in $1336$ along the banks of the sacred Tungabhadra River in Kartaka. It featured extensive fortifications and the iconic Virupaksha Temple.

Step 3: Identifying Two Main Centres of the Indian tiol Movement (34.3):
The candidate can select any two major epicenters of India's tiol freedom struggle:
• Champaran (Bihar): The site of Mahatma Gandhi's first successful Satyagraha in India in $1917$, where he successfully championed the cause of local peasants against oppressive British indigo planters who enforced the Tinkathia system.
• Dandi (Gujarat): The coastal village where Gandhiji concluded his historic $240$-mile Salt March on $6$ April $1930$, breaking the salt laws to launch the tionwide Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Amritsar (Punjab): The site of the tragic Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on $13$ April $1919$, where urmed crowds were fired upon under General Dyer's orders, serving as a major turning point that unified the country against British rule.