Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution?
Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution?
Solution and Explanation
The -OH group is an electron-donating group. Thus, it increases the electron density in the benzene ring as shown in the given resonance structure of phenol. As a result, the benzene ring is activated towards electrophilic substitution.
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Concepts Used:
Classification - Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are organic compounds that can be classified based on their molecular structure and functional groups.
Classification of Alcohols:
- Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group.
- Primary alcohols have one alkyl group attached to the carbon, secondary alcohols have two, and tertiary alcohols have three.
Classification of Phenols:
- Phenols can be classified based on the number and position of the hydroxyl groups attached to the aromatic ring.
- Monohydroxy phenols have one hydroxyl group, while dihydroxy phenols have two.
- Polyhydroxy phenols have more than two hydroxyl groups.
- Resorcinol and catechol are examples of dihydroxy phenols, while tannins are examples of polyhydroxy phenols.
Classification of Ethers:
- Ethers can be classified based on the nature of the alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom.
- Simple ethers have two alkyl or aryl groups, while mixed ethers have one alkyl and one aryl group.
- Crown ethers are cyclic ethers that contain multiple ether groups and are used as complexing agents.
In summary, alcohols, phenols, and ethers can be classified based on their molecular structure and functional groups. Understanding the classification of these compounds is important for predicting their reactivity and understanding their potential applications in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and industry.