Question

(34.1) On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following places with appropriate symbols:
(i) geshwar -- A mature Harappan site
(ii) Kashi -- Early state
(iii) • (a) Goa -- An area under Aurangzeb
• (b) Thanjavur -- A medieval town
On the same political outline map of India, two places have been marked as 'A' and 'B', as the centres of the Indian tiol Movement. Identify them and write their correct mes on the lines drawn near them.

Hint:

To ensure perfect marks on the map: Always remember that geshwar is on the outer northwest tip of Gujarat (unlike Lothal which is situated further east near the Gulf of Khambhat). For the tiol movement, use the northernmost tip of Bihar next to Nepal to locate Champaran, and mark Dandi directly on the southwestern coast of Gujarat (near Surat/vsari), not inland.

Answer 1

Step 1: Locating and Labeling the Harappan Site and Early State
To accurately plot these ancient historical landmarks on the political outline map of India, follow these specific geographical coordites and context parameters:
• geshwar (i): This prominent mature Harappan site is situated on the northwestern coast of the Kathiawar (Saurashtra) peninsula in the Devbhumi Dwarka district of Gujarat, India. To plot it, find the small, distinct peninsula pointing northwest into the Gulf of Kutch (just above the modern temple town of Dwarka). Mark it on the inner coastal edge of this gulf. geshwar is world-famous among archaeologists as a specialized industrial outpost of the Harappan Civilization dedicated entirely to shell working (utilizing the rich marine resources of the coast, particularly the shell species Turbinella pyrum, to manufacture bangles, ladles, and beads).
• Kashi (ii): This premier ancient Mahajapada (early state) is centered around modern-day Varasi in southeastern Uttar Pradesh, India. To plot it, trace the course of the Ganges River as it sweeps through Uttar Pradesh toward Bihar. Mark Kashi in the Middle Ganga Valley, slightly west of the Bihar-Uttar Pradesh border, along the northern crescent-shaped bank of the river. Historically, Kashi was a leading political and economic power in the $6^{\text{th}}$ century BCE, renowned for its textile trade (Kashi silk) and as an influential center of Vedic, Buddhist, and Hindu scholarship.

Step 2: Locating and Labeling the Mughal Territory or Medieval Town (34.1 - iii):
Depending on the option chosen from the question paper, apply the following geographic guidelines:
• (a) Goa: Located on the southwestern coast of the Indian peninsula facing the Arabian Sea, bordered by Maharashtra to the north and Kartaka to the south and east. On the political outline map, locate the tiny coastal state block sandwiched between Maharashtra and Kartaka. Although the port city of Goa was historically the capital of the Portuguese state in India since $1510$, the surrounding Konkan region and Western Deccan were active administrative and military frontiers under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ($1658\text{--}1707$) during his long 25-year Deccan campaign to annex the neighboring sultates of Bijapur and Golconda.
• (b) Thanjavur (Tanjore): Situated in the fertile Kaveri River delta region in eastern Tamil du, southern India. To plot it, locate the delta region where the Kaveri River branches out near the eastern Coromandel Coast. Mark Thanjavur slightly inland, southwest of Karaikal. Thanjavur rose to global fame as the imperial capital of the Chola Empire under great morchs like Rajaraja I and Rajendra I ($10^{\text{th}}\text{--}11^{\text{th}}$ centuries CE) and is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Brihadisvara Temple (Big Temple), a masterpiece of Dravidian stone architecture.

Step 3: Identifying Marked Centres 'A' and 'B' of the Indian tiol Movement (34.2):
By evaluating the specific location markers on the political outline map (Page 31 of 2385-2_61-1-2_History.pdf), the places are identified as follows:
• Point 'A' is Champaran, Bihar:
Identification: The point 'A' is marked with a dot in the extreme northwestern corner of the state of Bihar, close to the intertiol border with Nepal and adjacent to eastern Uttar Pradesh.
tiol Movement Context: Champaran was the historic launchpad of Mahatma Gandhi's very first Satyagraha campaign in India in 1917. Local peasants were being ruthlessly oppressed by European planters under the exploitative Tinkathia system, which legally forced them to cultivate indigo on $3/20^{\text{th}}$ of their landholdings. Upon the invitation of local peasant Raj Kumar Shukla, Gandhi arrived here to lead a non-violent inquiry. His resistance forced the colonial administration to abolish the Tinkathia system and refund a portion of the illegal collections, establishing Satyagraha as a primary weapon of the freedom struggle.
• Point 'B' is Dandi, Gujarat:
Identification: The point 'B' is marked with a dot on the southwestern coast of the state of Gujarat, right on the edge of the Arabian Sea in the vsari district.
tiol Movement Context: Dandi was the coastal destition of Mahatma Gandhi's historic Salt March (Dandi Yatra) in 1930. To protest the oppressive British salt tax and state monopoly, Gandhi and $78$ satyagrahis marched $240$ miles from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to the coast of Dandi. On 6 April 1930, Gandhiji picked up a handful of tural salt from the beach, symbolically breaking the British salt law and launching the tionwide Civil Disobedience Movement, which saw millions of Indians rise in non-violent protest against colonial rule.