Step 1: Lichens, being a symbiosis of fungus and alga, reproduce vegetatively by releasing small propagules that already contain both partners.
Step 2: The most common of these are soredia, tiny powdery granules made of a few algal cells wrapped in fungal hyphae, which break off and disperse to start new lichen thalli elsewhere.
Step 3: Cephalodia are patches containing a different photobiont, pycnidia are fungal fruiting structures, and bulbils are not typical lichen structures, so option (B) soredia is correct.