Question

Match column-I with column-II correctly and choose the appropriate option:

• A. a--ii, b--i, c--iv, d--iii
• B. a--ii, b--i, c--iii, d--iv
• C. a--iii, b--iv, c--ii, d--i
• D. a--iii, b--iv, c--i, d--ii

Hint:

To easily remember these associations:
• Income = Oldest (The classic economic measure).
• Basic Needs = ILO (Labor needs basic survival).
• Capability = Amartya Sen (Empowerment/resources).
• Welfare = Beneficiaries (State takes care of citizens).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Explaining the Four Approaches to Human Development:
Theoretical frameworks analyze human development through different lenses:
• Income Approach: This is one of the oldest approaches. It assumes that the level of human development is directly proportional to a person's income. Higher income reflects higher freedom and capability. $\rightarrow$ a matches with iii.
• Welfare Approach: This model treats humans not as agents but as passive beneficiaries or targets of state-led welfare policies. It advocates for massive public expenditure on education, housing, and healthcare. $\rightarrow$ b matches with iv.
• Basic Needs Approach: Originally proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). It emphasizes six absolute essentials for survival: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing. $\rightarrow$ c matches with i.
• Capability Approach: Highly associated with Nobel laureate Prof. Amartya Sen. It focuses on empowering people by building human capabilities in health, education, and access to resources. $\rightarrow$ d matches with ii.

Step 2: Formulating the Code Match:
By aligning the above pairings:
• a $\rightarrow$ iii
• b $\rightarrow$ iv
• c $\rightarrow$ i
• d $\rightarrow$ ii

Step 3: Verification with Options:
This sequence is represented precisely in Option (D).