Given below are certain situations related to birth control. Analyse each situation carefully and suggest appropriate contraceptive method that could be used. Also explain its mode of action.
Situation 1 - To prevent entry of sperm into cervix.
Situation 2 - Devices that are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the vagina.
Situation 3 - Effective emergency contraceptive.
Situation 4 - Permanent method for male partner.
Situation 5 - Surgical method in female to prevent pregnancy.
Given below are certain situations related to birth control. Analyse each situation carefully and suggest appropriate contraceptive method that could be used. Also explain its mode of action.
Situation 1 - To prevent entry of sperm into cervix.
Situation 2 - Devices that are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the vagina.
Situation 3 - Effective emergency contraceptive.
Situation 4 - Permanent method for male partner.
Situation 5 - Surgical method in female to prevent pregnancy.
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Solution and Explanation
Five situations are given. For each one we name the matching contraceptive method and write how it works. Each is worth 1 mark.
Step 2: Situation 1: barrier method:
Sperm must be stopped from reaching the cervix. Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults do this. (Condoms also act as a barrier.)
Mode of action: they cover the cervix and form a physical barrier, so sperm cannot enter the uterus. They are reusable and are made of rubber.
Step 3: Situation 2: IUDs:
Devices placed in the uterus by doctors or expert nurses through the vagina are intrauterine devices (IUDs), for example Copper-T, Cu7, Multiload 375 and LNG-20.
Mode of action: they increase phagocytosis of sperm. Copper ions released by Cu devices lower sperm motility and fertilising power. Hormone-releasing IUDs also make the uterus unfit for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperm.
Step 4: Situation 3: emergency contraception:
After unprotected sex or rape, progestogen-estrogen combination pills or an IUD can be used within 72 hours.
Mode of action: they delay or stop ovulation and fertilisation, or block implantation, so pregnancy is avoided.
Step 5: Situation 4: vasectomy:
The permanent method for a male is vasectomy.
Mode of action: a small cut is made in the scrotum and the vas deferens is cut and tied. Sperm cannot join the semen, so the ejaculate has no sperm.
Step 6: Situation 5: tubectomy:
The permanent surgical method for a female is tubectomy.
Mode of action: a small cut is made in the abdomen or the vagina, and the fallopian tubes are cut and tied. The egg cannot move down and the sperm cannot reach it, so fertilisation does not occur.
Final Answer:
Situation 1: diaphragm or cervical cap. Situation 2: IUD. Situation 3: emergency pill or IUD within 72 hours. Situation 4: vasectomy. Situation 5: tubectomy.
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