Question

Define the terms Upanga and Bhashanga.

Hint:

The addition of an Anyaswara in Bhashanga ragas is never arbitrary; it follows strict, age-old aesthetic pathways established by masters.

Answer 1

Step 1: Concept
Janya (derived) ragas are classified based on the nature of notes they inherit from their parent Melakarta (Janaka) raga.


Step 2: Upanga Raga
- Definition: A derivative raga that strictly takes only those Swarasthanas that are present in its parent Melakarta raga.
- Rule: No foreign note or outside pitch (Anyaswara) is allowed.
- Examples: Abhogi (derived from Kharaharapriya), Saveri (derived from Mayamalavagoula), and Mohanam (derived from Harikambhoji).


Step 3: Bhashanga Raga
- Definition: A derivative raga that primarily uses the Swarasthanas of its parent Melakarta, but occasionally introduces one or two foreign notes (Anyaswara) in specific, traditional melodic phrases to enhance its aesthetic expression.
- Rule: The parent scale notes are called Svajatiya Swaras, while the external note is the Anyaswara.
- Examples: Bhairavi (parent is Kharaharapriya, but it introduces Chatusruti Dhaivata as Anyaswara) and Kambhoji (parent is Harikambhoji, but it takes Kakali Nishada in specific high-octave phrases).
Final Answer: An Upanga raga takes notes strictly from its parent Melakarta raga without deviations, whereas a Bhashanga raga occasionally admits foreign notes (Anyaswara) to embellish its melody.