Question

(a) Explain the following characteristics of Principles of Management:
(i) General guidelines
(ii) Flexible
(iii) Cause and effect relationship
OR
(b) Explain the following techniques of Scientific Management:
(i) Method Study
(ii) Differential Piece Wage System
(iii) Fatigue Study

Hint:

Scientific management techniques always aim for measurable efficiency improvements through systematic analysis.

Answer 1

(i) General Guidelines:
Not absolute rules but directional
Adaptable to organizational context
Example: Unity of command principle varies in matrix organizations
(ii) Flexible:
Modifiable based on situations
Example: Centralization degree varies by crisis vs normal times
Enables cultural adaptation (Western vs Eastern management)
(iii) Cause-Effect Relationship:
Predictable outcomes from actions
Example: Proper planning → Better performance
Basis for evidence-based management
(b):
(i) Method Study:
Systematic analysis of work methods
Steps: Select → Record → Examine → Develop → Install
Example: Toyota's kaizen improvements
(ii) Differential Piece Wage System:
Higher pay for efficient workers
Taylor's example: $0.50/unit (standard) vs $0.60/unit (above standard)
Motivates productivity but criticized as exploitative
(iii) Fatigue Study:
Analyzes work-rest cycles
Optimal break scheduling
Modern application: Pomodoro technique