Question:
Which allotrope of carbon is thermodynamically most stable?
Which allotrope of carbon is thermodynamically most stable?
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Remember that stability in allotropes of carbon is primarily determined by their lattice structures and bond energies.
Updated On: May 31, 2026
- Graphite
- Diamond
- Fullerene
- Coal
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Concept
Carbon has several allotropes, including graphite, diamond, fullerene, and coal. Among these, the stability is a key factor in determining their thermodynamic properties.
Step 2: Meaning
Thermodynamic stability refers to the energy state of a substance at equilibrium under given conditions. The more stable an allotrope, the lower its Gibbs free energy (G) at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Step 3: Analysis
To determine which carbon allotrope is thermodynamically most stable, we need to consider their structures and energies. Graphite: Graphite consists of layers of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Each layer can slide over the next, making it more stable due to its lower energy state compared to diamond. Diamond: Diamond has a tetrahedral structure where each carbon atom is bonded to four others. This structure requires higher energy and thus makes diamond less thermodynamically stable than graphite. Fullerene: Fullerene includes structures like buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀), which are spherical or cylindrical in shape. These structures, while interesting, do not form the bulk of carbon at room temperature due to their higher energy compared to graphite and diamond. Coal: Coal is a mixture of various organic compounds derived from plant material. It is not an allotrope but rather a complex mixture that does not represent pure carbon in its simplest forms like graphite or diamond. Given these considerations, graphite has the lowest energy state among the options provided at STP conditions and thus is thermodynamically most stable.
Step 4: Conclusion
Graphite is more stable than diamond, fullerene, and coal under standard conditions. Final Answer: (A)
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