Question

State any four sources of air pollution in India.

Answer 1

Step 1: Read what the question asks:
The passage is about air pollution in India. The question asks for four sources of this pollution.
A source of air pollution is any activity that releases harmful gases or tiny particles into the air.

Step 2: Pick the sources named in the passage:
The second paragraph of the passage gives a ready list: vehicular emission, industrial waste, cooking smoke, the construction sector, crop burning and power generation.
We need only four, and each correct source earns half a mark, so four sources carry 2 marks.

Step 3: Explain the four sources chosen:
1. Vehicular emission: cars, trucks and buses burn petrol and diesel and release smoke and fine particles.
2. Industrial waste: factories release smoke, dust and gases from their chimneys.
3. Cooking smoke: homes that burn wood, dung or coal for cooking fill the air with smoke.
4. Construction sector: building work raises dust and fine particles in the air.

Step 4: Check against other valid answers:
Crop burning and power generation from coal also come from the passage, so they are equally correct.
Any four correct sources get full marks.

Final Answer:
The four sources are vehicular emission, industrial waste, cooking smoke and the construction sector.
\[ \boxed{\text{Vehicular emission, industrial waste, cooking smoke, construction sector}} \]

Answer 2

Step 1: Understand PM 2.5:
PM 2.5 means particles in the air that are 2.5 micrometres or smaller. They are so fine that we breathe them in without noticing.
The passage says 48% of the cities in India have PM 2.5 levels more than 10 times the WHO guideline. The yearly average in India was about 58.1 micrograms per cubic metre in 2021.

Step 2: Find the impacts given in the passage:
The last paragraph states that long exposure to PM 2.5 is linked to many long-term health problems.
These include heart disease and lung disease. It also links PM 2.5 to 7.5 million early deaths every year.

Step 3: Explain the impacts:
Lung disease: fine particles go deep into the lungs, so people suffer from breathing trouble and lung illness.
Heart disease: particles can pass into the blood and put a load on the heart.
Premature deaths: because of these illnesses, millions of people die earlier than they otherwise would, about 7.5 million each year.
Rising PM 2.5 also means more sickness, more hospital costs and fewer working days for families and the economy.

Step 4: Link to sustainable development:
A rising level of PM 2.5 harms human health and lowers the quality of life.
So it works against sustainable development, which needs a healthy population today and in the future.

Final Answer:
Rising PM 2.5 causes heart disease, lung disease and about 7.5 million premature deaths each year, as stated in the passage.
\[ \boxed{\text{Heart and lung disease and 7.5 million premature deaths every year}} \]

Answer 3

Step 1: Recall the body:
CPCB is the national body in India that watches and controls pollution of air and water.
It works under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and was set up in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

Step 2: Expand each letter:
C stands for Central, P stands for Pollution, C stands for Control and B stands for Board.
So the full form is Central Pollution Control Board.

Step 3: Why it appears in this case:
The passage talks about PM 2.5 levels and air quality in Indian cities.
CPCB is the agency that measures such pollution levels and sets the standards for them.

Final Answer:
The full form of CPCB is Central Pollution Control Board.
\[ \boxed{\text{CPCB = Central Pollution Control Board}} \]

Answer 4

Step 1: Understand what is asked:
The passage says air pollution is a pressing problem in India. It names PM 2.5 levels, vehicle smoke and industrial waste as causes.
The question asks us to state and discuss the functions of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The CPCB is the body the Government of India set up to deal with pollution.
For 4 marks, we state two functions and discuss each one in a line or two.

Step 2: Function 1: Control of water pollution:
The CPCB works to prevent and control water pollution. It supports the central and state governments in this work.
It helps to keep rivers, wells and other water bodies clean. It does this by checking the waste that factories and towns release into water.

Step 3: Function 2: Reduction of air pollution:
The CPCB works to improve air quality across the country and to cut air pollution.
It checks the level of pollutants such as PM 2.5 in the air. It then advises governments and industries on how to bring these levels down.

Step 4: Link with the passage:
The passage reports that 63 of the 100 most polluted cities are in India. It also gives a yearly PM 2.5 level of about 58.1 micrograms per cubic metre.
Such figures are what the CPCB tracks under its air function. Its water function guards the natural resources that pollution damages in the same way.

Final Answer:
The Central Pollution Control Board was set up with two main functions. First, it prevents and controls water pollution. Second, it reduces air pollution and improves air quality in the country.