Question

Discuss any two steps involved in attaining sustainable development in India.

Answer 1

Step 1: Read the passage:
The passage says that the government has taken policy steps for sustainable development.
It names two of them: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme and the Jal Jeevan Mission.
We discuss these two steps. Each carries 1 1/2 marks.

Step 2: Step one: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme:
The scheme gives clean cooking fuel (LPG) to poor households. They need not burn wood, dung or coal.
Burning such fuel pollutes the air and harms health, especially of women. It also cuts down forests.
So the scheme has contributed to cleaner air. A clean environment is a part of sustainable development.

Step 3: Step two: Jal Jeevan Mission:
The mission was launched with the objective of achieving water security.
It aims to supply safe tap water to households, so that water is available for present and future needs.
Safe and assured water supports health and careful use of a scarce resource, which is the aim of sustainable development.

Final Answer:
Two steps for sustainable development in India are the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme, which brought cleaner air, and the Jal Jeevan Mission, which aims at water security.

Answer 2

Step 1: Recall carrying capacity:
Carrying capacity of the environment means its ability to absorb degradation and to keep supplying resources.
When pressure on the environment is too high, this capacity is crossed. We need two factors, 1 mark each.

Step 2: Factor 1: rising population of developing countries:
A fast growing population in developing countries needs more land, water, food and energy.
This puts a heavy load on natural resources and the waste produced also rises.

Step 3: Factor 2: affluent consumption and production standards of the developed world:
Rich countries use a very large share of the world resources and produce a lot of waste and emissions.
Such high standards of consumption and production strain the environment beyond what it can bear.

Final Answer:
Two factors that challenged the carrying capacity are the rising population of developing countries and the affluent consumption and production standards of the developed world.

Answer 3

Step 1: Understand what is asked:
The passage talks about rising temperature of the Earth and greenhouse gases.
We are asked only to define the greenhouse effect, so a one-sentence definition is enough for 1 mark.

Step 2: Recall the process:
The Sun sends energy to the Earth as sunlight, and the Earth surface absorbs it and warms up.
The Earth then sends part of this heat back towards space.
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour in the air trap a part of this outgoing heat.
Because the heat stays inside the atmosphere, the surface of the Earth stays warm.

Step 3: Write the definition:
The greenhouse effect is the natural process in which greenhouse gases trap the heat of the Sun inside the atmosphere and keep the Earth surface warm.
It is the reason life is possible on Earth. Trouble starts only when too much of these gases builds up and the planet warms more than normal.

Final Answer:
The greenhouse effect is the natural warming of the Earth surface that happens when greenhouse gases trap the heat from the Sun inside the atmosphere.