Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The data below shows the concentration of nicotine smoked by a smoker taking 10puffs/minute.
With reference to the above graph, explain the concentration of nicotine in the blood at 10 minutes.
Solution and Explanation
Observation from the graph:
The graph shows that the concentration of nicotine in the blood increases continuously from the beginning of smoking and reaches its highest value at the 10th minute.
At \(10\) minutes, the nicotine concentration is approximately
\[ 45\ \text{mg/cm}^3. \]
This is the maximum concentration shown in the graph because nicotine accumulates in the blood while the person continues smoking.
Answer:
\[ \boxed{\text{At }10\text{ minutes, the nicotine concentration is about }45\ \text{mg/cm}^3,\text{ which is the maximum value.}} \]
How will this affect the concentration of carbon monoxide and haem-bound oxygen at 10 minutes?
Solution and Explanation
Explanation:
At the 10th minute, the smoker has inhaled a large amount of cigarette smoke containing carbon monoxide (CO).
- Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin.
- This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
- As a result, the concentration of haem-bound oxygen decreases.
Therefore,
\[ \boxed{\text{Carbon monoxide concentration increases, whereas haem-bound oxygen decreases.}} \]
How does cigarette smoking result in high blood pressure and increase in heart rate?
Solution and Explanation
Explanation:
- Nicotine stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline.
- Adrenaline causes the heart to beat faster.
- It also constricts (narrows) the blood vessels.
- Narrow blood vessels increase the resistance to blood flow, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
Hence,
\[ \boxed{\text{Nicotine releases adrenaline, which increases heart rate and raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.}} \]
To which class of compounds does nicotine belong? Name one other drug from the same class.
Solution and Explanation
Explanation:
Nicotine is a stimulant drug because it stimulates the central nervous system.
Another commonly known stimulant is
\[ \boxed{\text{Caffeine}.} \]Answer:
- Class of compound: Stimulants
- One other drug from the same class: Caffeine
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