Question

How many categories (Tattvas) are there in Jain Philosophy?

• A. Five
• B. Six
• C. Seven
• D. Nine

Hint:

To avoid confusion: Substances (Dravyas) = 6. Principles (Tattvas) = 7. Categories (Padarthas) = 9. In competitive exams, "Tattva" always refers to the seven-fold path to liberation.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The fundamental principles of reality in Jainism are known as Tattvas. These categories describe the nature of the universe and the process of the soul's liberation (Moksha). While there are six substances (Dravyas), the standard count for the existential principles required for liberation is seven.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Acharya Umaswati, in the Tattvartha Sutra, established the seven-fold classification:
1. Jiva (Soul): The living, conscious entity that experiences bliss and knowledge.
2. Ajiva (Non-soul): The insentient elements, primarily matter (Pudgala), that interact with the soul.
3. Asrava (Influx): The flow of karmic matter into the soul, caused by mental, vocal, and physical activities.
4. Bandha (Bondage): The actual sticking of karmic particles to the soul due to passions (Kashayas).
5. Samvara (Stoppage): The process of blocking the entry of new karma through self-restraint and vows.
6. Nirjara (Shedding): The partial destruction or wearing away of accumulated karma through penance.
7. Moksha (Liberation): The state of complete freedom of the soul from all karmic matter.

Note on Option (D): Some traditions add "Merit" (Punya) and "Demerit" (Papa) to these seven to form the Nine Padarthas. However, the core metaphysical "categories" (Tattvas) are universally accepted as seven in primary texts. Merit and demerit are technically sub-categories of influx and bondage.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The standard count of Tattvas in Jainism is Seven (Sapta-Tattva).