Question

In Jain Philosophy, what is the defining characteristic (Lakshana) of the Dharma and Adharma substances (Dravyas)?

• A. Possessing qualities and modes (Guna-paryayavan)
• B. Characterized by birth, death, and permanence (Utpada-vyaya-dhrauvyayuktam)
• C. Assistance in motion and rest (Gati-sthiti-sahayo)
• D. Continuity and transformation (Vartana-parinama)

Hint:

Think of "Dharma" as a "Highway" (enables travel) and "Adharma" as a "Parking Lot" (enables staying still). Both are necessary for a functional universe.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Jain ontology divides the universe into six real, eternal substances (Shat-Dravya). These are: Jiva (Soul), Pudgala (Matter), Dharma (Medium of Motion), Adharma (Medium of Rest), Akasha (Space), and Kala (Time). In this context, "Dharma" and "Adharma" do not mean righteousness and sin; they are technical metaphysical terms for the non-sentient media that allow souls and matter to move or stay still. Defining these substances requires looking at their unique functions (Upakara) as described in the Tattvartha Sutra.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The specific characteristic or "Lakshana" of any substance helps distinguish it from the others. Acharya Umasvati provides these definitions in Chapter 5 of the Tattvartha Sutra.
1. Dharma-Astikaya (Medium of Motion): The Sutra says "Gati-upagraho Dharmah" (The function of Dharma is to assist in motion). It is a formless, pervasive substance that exists throughout the "Loka" (the habitable universe). It does not "force" anyone to move, but it provides the necessary medium. The classic analogy is that of water for a fish. The fish swims on its own accord, but it cannot swim without water. Similarly, Dharma allows souls and matter to change their position in space.
2. Adharma-Astikaya (Medium of Rest): The Sutra says "Sthiti-upagraho Adharmah" (The function of Adharma is to assist in rest or stability). Like Dharma, it is pervasive and formless. It is compared to the shade of a tree. A tired traveler stops to rest in the shade of his own will, but the shade provides the condition for that rest. Without Adharma-dravya, the universe would be chaotic, as everything would be in constant, unstoppable motion.
Option (A) "Guna-paryayavan" is the general definition of any "Dravya" (substance). Option (B) "Utpada-vyaya-dhrauvyayuktam" is the general definition of "Sat" (existence), applicable to all things. Option (D) refers to "Vartana" (the passage of time), which is the specific function of the "Kala" (Time) substance. Therefore, only (C) "Gati-sthiti-sahayo" correctly and specifically identifies the duo of Dharma and Adharma.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The defining characteristic of Dharma-dravya is assisting in motion (Gati), and the defining characteristic of Adharma-dravya is assisting in rest (Sthiti).