(i)Let \(A=\begin{bmatrix}3&5\\1&-1\end{bmatrix}\),then \(A'=\begin{bmatrix}3&1\\5&-1\end{bmatrix}\)
Now\(A+A'=A=\begin{bmatrix}3&5\\1&-1\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}3&1\\5&-1\end{bmatrix}\)\(=\begin{bmatrix}6&6\\6&-2\end{bmatrix}\)
Let\(P=\frac{1}{2}(A+A')=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix}6&6\\6&-2\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}3&3\\3&-1\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(P'=\begin{bmatrix}3&3\\3&-1\end{bmatrix}=P\)
Thus\(,P=\frac{1}{2}(A+A')\)is a symmetric matrix.
Now \(A-A'=\begin{bmatrix}3&5\\1&-1\end{bmatrix}-\begin{bmatrix}3&1\\5&-1\end{bmatrix}\) \(=\begin{bmatrix}0&4\\-4&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Let \(Q=\frac{1}{2}(A-A')=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix}0&4\\-4&0\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}0&2\\-2&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(Q'=\begin{bmatrix}0&2\\-2&0\end{bmatrix}=-Q\)
Thus \(Q=\frac{1}{2}(A-A')\)is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q:
\(P+Q=\begin{bmatrix}3&3\\3&-1\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}0&2\\-2&0\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}3&5\\1&-1\end{bmatrix}=A\)
(ii)Let \(A=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}\)then \(A'=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(A+A'=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}12&-4&4\\ -4&6&-2\\ 4&-2&6\end{bmatrix}\)
let \(P=\frac{1}{2}(A+A')=\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix}12&-4&4\\ -4&6&-2\\ 4&-2&6\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(P'=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}=P\)
Thus \(P=\frac{1}{2}(A+A')\) is a symmetric matrix.
Now \(A-A'=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}-\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Let\(Q=\frac{1}{2}(A-A')=\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(Q'==\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\end{bmatrix}=Q\)
Thus\(Q=\frac{1}{2}(A-A')\) is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q:
\(P+Q=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}6&-2&2\\ -2&3&-1\\ 2&-1&3\end{bmatrix}=A\)
(iii)Let \(A=\begin{bmatrix}3&3&-1\\ -2&-2&1\\ -4&-5&2\end{bmatrix}\),then \(A'=\begin{bmatrix}3&-2&-4\\ 3&-2&-5\\ -1&1&2\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(A+A'=\begin{bmatrix}3&3&-1\\ -2&-2&1\\ -4&-5&2\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}3&-2&-4\\ 3&-2&-5\\ -1&1&2\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}6&1&-5\\ 1&-4&-4\\ -5&-4&4\end{bmatrix}\)
Let \(P=\frac{1}{2}(A+A')=\frac{1}{2}=\begin{bmatrix}6&1&-5\\ 1&-4&-4\\ -5&-4&4\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}3&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{-5}{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}& -2&-2\\ \frac{-5}{2}&-2&2\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(P'==\begin{bmatrix}3&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{-5}{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}& -2&-2\\ \frac{-5}{2}&-2&2\end{bmatrix}\)
thus \(P=\frac{1}{2}( A+A')\) is a symmetric matrix.
Now \(A-A'=\begin{bmatrix}3&3&-1\\ -2&-2&1\\ -4&-5&2\end{bmatrix}-\begin{bmatrix}3&-2&-4\\ 3&-2&-5\\ -1&1&2\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}0&5&3\\ -5&0&6\\ -3&-6&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Let \(Q=\frac{1}{2}(A-A')=\frac{1}{2}=\begin{bmatrix}0&5&3\\ -5&0&6\\ -3&-6&0\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}0&\frac{5}{2}&\frac{3}{2}\\ \frac{-5}{2}&0&3\\ \frac{-3}{2}&-3&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(Q'=\begin{bmatrix}0&\frac{5}{2}&\frac{3}{2}\\ \frac{-5}{2}&0&3\\ \frac{-3}{2}&-3&0\end{bmatrix}=-Q\)
Thus,\(Q=\frac{1}{2}( A-A')\)is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q:
\(P+Q=\begin{bmatrix}3&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{-5}{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}& -2&-2\\ \frac{-5}{2}&-2&2\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}0&\frac{5}{2}&\frac{3}{2}\\ \frac{-5}{2}&0&3\\ \frac{-3}{2}&-3&0\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}3&3&-1\\ -2&-2&1\\ -4&-5&2\end{bmatrix}=A\)
(iv)Let \(A=\begin{bmatrix}1&5\\-1&2\end{bmatrix}\),Then \(A'=\begin{bmatrix}1&-1\\5&2\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(A+A'=A=\begin{bmatrix}1&5\\-1&2\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}1&-1\\5&2\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}2&4\\4&4\end{bmatrix}\)
Let \(P=\frac{1}{2}( A+A')=\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&2\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(P'=\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&2\end{bmatrix}=P\)
Thus,\(P=\frac{1}{2}( A+A')\) is a symmetric matrix.
Now \(A-A'=\begin{bmatrix}1&5\\-1&2\end{bmatrix}-\begin{bmatrix}1&-1\\5&2\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}0&6\\-6&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Let \(Q=\frac{1}{2}( A-A')=\begin{bmatrix}0&3\\-3&0\end{bmatrix}\)
Now \(Q'=\begin{bmatrix}0&3\\-3&0\end{bmatrix}=-Q\)
Thus,\(Q=\frac{1}{2}( A-A')\) is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q:
\(P+Q=\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&2\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}0&3\\-3&0\end{bmatrix}\)
\(=\begin{bmatrix}1&5\\-1&2\end{bmatrix}=A\)
Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as
R = {(a, b): a ≤ b2 } is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
R = {(a, b): b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
In the matrix A= \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 5 & 19&-7 \\ 35 & -2 & \frac{5}{2}&12 \\ \sqrt3 & 1 & -5&17 \end{bmatrix}\),write:
I. The order of the matrix
II. The number of elements
III. Write the elements a13, a21, a33, a24, a23
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 13 elements?
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 5 elements?
Construct a 3×4 matrix, whose elements are given by
I. \(a_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}\mid -3i+j\mid\)
II. \(a_{ij}=2i-j\)
Find the value of x, y, and z from the following equation:
I.\(\begin{bmatrix} 4&3&\\x&5\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}y&z\\1&5\end{bmatrix}\)
II. \(\begin{bmatrix}x+y&2\\5+z&xy\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}6&2\\5&8\end{bmatrix}\)
III. \(\begin{bmatrix}x+y+z\\x+z\\y+z\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}9\\5\\7\end{bmatrix}\)