Question

Describe any two areas of co-operation and any two reasons for conflicts between India and Nepal.

Hint:

India-Nepal: - Cooperation: Open Border 1950 Treaty, Hydropower & Trade. - Conflict: Kalapani Border Dispute, Nepal's growing ties with China.

Answer 1

India and Nepal share deeply rooted socio-cultural ties, an open international border, and extensive trade relations, alongside periodic diplomatic friction: Two Areas of Cooperation:
• Free Movement and Open Borders (1950 Peace and Friendship Treaty): Citizens of India and Nepal can cross borders freely without passports or visas, work, own property, and reside in either country, strengthening deep economic and cultural bonds.
• Trade, Energy, and Infrastructure Development: India is Nepal's largest trading partner and provider of transit facilities. Both countries cooperate on major hydroelectric power projects, river water management, and cross-border rail and road connectivity links. Two Reasons for Conflict:
• Territorial and Border Disputes: Boundary disputes over areas such as Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura have created significant diplomatic strain, particularly after Nepal published a revised political map including these regions.
• China Factor and Security Concerns: India expresses concern over Nepal’s growing economic and strategic ties with China (such as involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative). Conversely, Nepal often perceives Indian diplomatic involvement in its internal politics as an infringement on its sovereignty.