Analyse the impact of major political developments in the State of Punjab.
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Solution and Explanation
• The Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973) and Autonomy Demands:
• Development: In 1973, the Shiromani Akali Dal passed the Anandpur Sahib Resolution demanding greater state autonomy, reallocation of river water resources between Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, and recognition of Punjab's distinct religious-cultural identity.
• Impact: This resolution heightened political debates around Indian federalism. While Akalis sought political decentralization, critics and the central government viewed extreme interpretations of the resolution as a threat to national integrity.
• Rise of Extremism, Militancy, and Operation Blue Star (June 1984):
• Development: Religious leadership under Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale transformed political demands into an armed extremist movement for a separate Sikh nation ("Khalistan"). Extremists fortified the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar.
• Impact: In June 1984, the Government of India launched Operation Blue Star , a military operation to flush out armed militants from the Golden Temple. The operation damaged the Akal Takht, deeply wounding the religious sentiments of Sikhs worldwide and intensifying communal alienation.
• Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Anti-Sikh Violence (1984):
• Development: On October 31, 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.
• Impact: This triggered widespread anti-Sikh violence across Delhi and several parts of North India, resulting in the killing of thousands of innocent Sikhs. It posed a severe challenge to national unity, human rights, and secular governance in India.
• The Rajiv-Longowal Accord (1985) and Democratic Restoration:
• Development: In July 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Akali Dal President Harchand Singh Longowal signed the Punjab Accord (Rajiv-Longowal Accord) .
• Impact: The accord agreed to transfer Chandigarh to Punjab, appoint a commission to settle border disputes, and ensure fair sharing of river waters. Although Akali leader Longowal was assassinated by extremists shortly after, the accord laid the groundwork for dismantling military suppression, conducting state assembly elections, eroding militancy by the mid-1990s, and restoring stable constitutional democracy in Punjab.
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Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity. Democracy allows the political expressions of regional aspirations and does not look upon them as anti-national. Besides, democratic politics allows parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identity, aspiration, and specific regional problems. Thus, in the course of democratic politics, regional aspirations get strengthened. At the same time, democratic politics also means that regional issues and problems will receive adequate attention and accommodation in the policy-making process.- Analyse any three reasons for the disturbance and unrest in Kashmir.
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