Question

Which of the following factors affect the responses of a target cell to a hormone?
A. Hormone concentration
B. Target cell type
C. The abundance of hormone receptors
D. Influence of other hormones
E. Age of the target cell
Choose the correct answer from the option given below:

• A. A, B, C only
• B. B, C, D only
• C. A, C, D only
• D. A, B, C, D, E

Hint:

Hormone Responsiveness: Modulated by Ligand concentration, Receptor density, Target cell identity, Hormonal crosstalk (synergism/antagonism), and Cell age/state.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Cellular responsiveness to endocrine signals depends on circulating ligand availability, receptor density, tissue differentiation, hormonal crosstalk, and cell senescence.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Evaluating endocrine target cell sensitivity determinants:
1. A. Hormone Concentration: Dictates receptor occupancy according to mass action kinetics.
2. B. Target Cell Type: Governs cell-specific intracellular signaling cascades and epigenetic chromatin accessibility.
3. C. Receptor Abundance (Density): Up-regulation and down-regulation modulate sensitivity.
4. D. Influence of Other Hormones: Permissive, synergistic, or antagonistic hormonal interactions (e.g., thyroid hormone permissiveness for epinephrine).
5. E. Age of Target Cell: Receptor desensitization, turnover rate, and senescent changes.
Therefore, all factors A, B, C, D, and E affect target cell response.

Step 3: Final Answer:
Hence, the correct answer is A, B, C, D, E, corresponding to option (D).