Question:
The superiority of an F\(_1\) hybrid over both of its parents in terms of yield or some other characters is known as
The superiority of an F\(_1\) hybrid over both of its parents in terms of yield or some other characters is known as
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Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is when the F\(_1\) offspring of a cross between two diverse parents performs better (e.g., higher yield, more vigorous) than either parent. This is a cornerstone of hybrid seed production. Luxuriance is general vigor, but heterosis is specifically about F\(_1\) superiority over parents.
Updated On: Jul 2, 2026
- Mutation
- Polyploidy
- Luxuriance
- Heterosis
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The Correct Option is D
Approach Solution - 1
The phenomenon described is a key concept in plant breeding.
(1) Mutation: A sudden heritable change in the genetic material.
(2) Polyploidy: The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
(3) Luxuriance: Refers to vigorous vegetative growth, which may or may not be associated with increased yield or superiority over parents. It's more a descriptive term for strong growth. Sometimes used interchangeably with heterosis in a loose sense for F1 vigor, but heterosis is more specific.
(4) Heterosis (or Hybrid Vigor): This term specifically describes the phenomenon where an F\(_1\) hybrid (the first-generation offspring of a cross between two genetically different parents) exhibits superiority in one or more characters (such as yield, vigor, growth rate, fertility, or stress tolerance) compared to both of its parents. This is the basis for developing and utilizing hybrid varieties in many crops. Therefore, the superiority of an F\(_1\) hybrid over both its parents is known as heterosis. Heterosis
(1) Mutation: A sudden heritable change in the genetic material.
(2) Polyploidy: The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
(3) Luxuriance: Refers to vigorous vegetative growth, which may or may not be associated with increased yield or superiority over parents. It's more a descriptive term for strong growth. Sometimes used interchangeably with heterosis in a loose sense for F1 vigor, but heterosis is more specific.
(4) Heterosis (or Hybrid Vigor): This term specifically describes the phenomenon where an F\(_1\) hybrid (the first-generation offspring of a cross between two genetically different parents) exhibits superiority in one or more characters (such as yield, vigor, growth rate, fertility, or stress tolerance) compared to both of its parents. This is the basis for developing and utilizing hybrid varieties in many crops. Therefore, the superiority of an F\(_1\) hybrid over both its parents is known as heterosis. Heterosis
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Approach Solution -2
Definitional/formula approach: Heterosis is quantitatively defined as the percentage by which an F\(_1\) hybrid outperforms its better (or mid) parent: \[ \text{Heterosis (\%)} = \frac{F_1 - MP}{MP} \times 100 \] where \(MP\) is the mid-parent value. This formula only applies when there is a measurable superiority of the hybrid over its parents, exactly the scenario described in the question. Mutation refers to a heritable change in DNA sequence with no inherent link to hybrid superiority; polyploidy refers to extra chromosome sets, not hybrid vigor; and luxuriance describes vigorous vegetative growth that need not translate into yield superiority over both parents. Only heterosis specifically captures F\(_1\) superiority in yield or other traits, making it the correct term.
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