Question

The interaction where one of the organisms is harmed by the associated unaffected organism is:

• A. Mutualism
• B. Commensolism
• C. Amensolism
• D. Protocooperation

Hint:

Remember the symbols of interaction:
- Mutualism: (+, +)
- Commensalism: (+, 0)
- Amensalism: (-, 0)
- Competition: (-, -)

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Inter-specific ecological interactions can be positive (+), negative (-), or neutral (0) for the participating organisms.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Amensalism (noted as "Amensolism" in the paper's typo) is an asymmetric relationship where one organism is actively inhibited or harmed (-), while the other associated organism remains completely unaffected and neutral (0).
A classic example is antibiosis, where a mold (like Penicillium) produces a chemical that kills bacteria without gaining direct benefit.
- Commensalism is a (0, +) interaction.
- Mutualism is a (+, +) interaction.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The correct option is (C).