Question

The active factors of soil formation are ....... and .......

• A. Time and Relief
• B. Climate and Organisms
• C. Time and Organisms
• D. Parent materials and Organisms

Hint:

Active factors are those that actively supply mass and energy to the soil profile.
Climate and Organisms are the biological and environmental engines that actively drive the transformation of ictive rock into developed soil.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Soil formation (pedogenesis) is a dymic process governed by environmental factors.
Hans Jenny (1941) formulated the relationship of soil properties to soil-forming factors using the equation:
\[ S = f(Cl, O, R, P, T) \]
where \( Cl \) is climate, \( O \) is organisms, \( R \) is relief/topography, \( P \) is parent material, and \( T \) is time.

Step 2: Detailed Explation:
These five soil-forming factors are divided into active and passive categories based on how they influence soil development:
1. Active Factors: These factors supply energy and moisture directly to drive chemical, physical, and biological soil-forming processes.
- Climate (primarily temperature and precipitation) determines the rate of weathering and leaching.
- Organisms (flora, fau, and microorganisms) organic matter accumulation, nutrient cycling, and structural mixing.
These two factors are classified as active factors because they actively modify the parent material over time.
2. Passive Factors: These factors represent the initial conditions, physical constraints, or background settings on which the active factors operate.
- Parent material (determines initial mineralogy and texture).
- Relief/Topography (governs draige and erosion rates).
- Time (represents the duration over which pedogenesis has occurred).

Step 3: Fil Answer
The active factors of soil formation are Climate and Organisms.