Question:
Principles of molecular interactions and thermal energy can be used to explain:
\[
(I)\ \text{Vapour Pressure} \quad
(II)\ \text{Surface Tension} \quad
(III)\ \text{Viscosity}
\]
Principles of molecular interactions and thermal energy can be used to explain:
\[
(I)\ \text{Vapour Pressure} \quad
(II)\ \text{Surface Tension} \quad
(III)\ \text{Viscosity}
\]
Show Hint
Stronger intermolecular forces always reduce vapour pressure and increase viscosity and surface tension.
Updated On: Jun 20, 2026
- (I) and (II) only
- (II) and (III) only
- (I) and (III) only
- (I), (II) and (III)
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understand molecular interaction concept.
All three phenomena depend on intermolecular forces and thermal motion of molecules. The balance between cohesive forces and thermal energy determines macroscopic properties.
Step 2: Vapour pressure explanation.
Vapour pressure arises due to molecules escaping from liquid surface. This depends on intermolecular attraction and thermal kinetic energy of molecules. Stronger molecular forces reduce vapour pressure.
Step 3: Surface tension explanation.
Surface tension is caused by cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the surface. Molecules experience net inward force due to unequal intermolecular attraction, leading to minimization of surface area.
Step 4: Viscosity explanation.
Viscosity is resistance to flow due to internal friction between liquid layers. This internal friction arises from intermolecular interactions opposing relative motion of layers.
Step 5: Role of thermal energy.
Thermal energy increases molecular motion, weakening effective intermolecular attraction and affecting all three properties (vapour pressure increases, surface tension decreases, viscosity decreases).
Step 6: Final conclusion.
Since all three properties depend on molecular interaction and thermal energy, all are correctly explained: \[ \boxed{(I), (II), (III)} \]
All three phenomena depend on intermolecular forces and thermal motion of molecules. The balance between cohesive forces and thermal energy determines macroscopic properties.
Step 2: Vapour pressure explanation.
Vapour pressure arises due to molecules escaping from liquid surface. This depends on intermolecular attraction and thermal kinetic energy of molecules. Stronger molecular forces reduce vapour pressure.
Step 3: Surface tension explanation.
Surface tension is caused by cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the surface. Molecules experience net inward force due to unequal intermolecular attraction, leading to minimization of surface area.
Step 4: Viscosity explanation.
Viscosity is resistance to flow due to internal friction between liquid layers. This internal friction arises from intermolecular interactions opposing relative motion of layers.
Step 5: Role of thermal energy.
Thermal energy increases molecular motion, weakening effective intermolecular attraction and affecting all three properties (vapour pressure increases, surface tension decreases, viscosity decreases).
Step 6: Final conclusion.
Since all three properties depend on molecular interaction and thermal energy, all are correctly explained: \[ \boxed{(I), (II), (III)} \]
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