Question

Choose correct option from the signs of inflammation.
A. Redness
B. Swelling
C. Cold
D. Pain
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

• A. A, B, C Only
• B. A, B, D Only
• C. B, C, D Only
• D. A, C, D Only

Hint:

Memorize the 4 classic Latin signs of Celsus: Rubor (Redness), Tumor (Swelling), Calor (Heat - not cold!), and Dolor (Pain).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Concept:
This question tests foundational general pathology, specifically asking for the classic cardinal signs of acute localized inflammation originally described by the Roman encyclopedist Celsus.

Step 2: Step-by-step Explanation:

• When tissue suffers an injury or infection, the body mounts an acute inflammatory response characterized by local vascular dilation and increased capillary permeability.

• This process manifests in four classic, universally recognized physical signs (often taught in their Latin forms):
1. Rubor (Redness - A): Caused by massive vasodilation and increased blood flow to the damaged area.
2. Tumor (Swelling - B): Caused by the leakage of protein-rich plasma fluid (exudate) into the surrounding interstitial tissues.
3. Calor (Heat): Also caused by the heavy influx of warm, core-body blood to the surface area. Therefore, Cold (C) is completely false. An inflamed area is remarkably warm to the touch.
4. Dolor (Pain - D): Caused by physical swelling pressing on nerve endings, coupled with the release of chemical pain mediators like bradykinin and prostaglandins.

• (A fifth sign, Functio laesa or Loss of Function, was later added by Rudolf Virchow).

• Based on the true signs, A, B, and D are correct.

Step 3: Final Answer:
The correct combination is A, B, and D Only.