Question

According to Robert Merton, what is the term for individuals who accept societal goals but use illegal means to achieve them?

• A. Conformity
• B. Innovation
• C. Ritualism
• D. Retreatism

Hint:

\textbf{Innovation} = Goal accepted + Illegal means used.
Think: Desire for success but shortcuts taken.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Concept: Robert Merton’s Strain Theory explains deviant behavior as a result of the gap between culturally approved goals and the socially accepted means to achieve them. Individuals adapt to this strain in different ways.
Step 1: Understanding Merton's modes of adaptation.
Merton identified five modes:

• Conformity: Accept goals and means
• Innovation: Accept goals but reject legitimate means
• Ritualism: Reject goals but accept means
• Retreatism: Reject both goals and means
• Rebellion: Replace both goals and means

Step 2: Matching the given condition.
The question states that individuals accept societal goals but use illegal (illegitimate) means. This directly corresponds to Innovation.
Step 3: Eliminating incorrect options.

• Conformity follows both legitimate goals and means.
• Ritualism abandons goals but follows rules.
• Retreatism rejects both goals and means.

Conclusion:
Thus, the correct answer is Innovation.