Question

Who among the following thinkers is the author of "Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership"?

• A. Thomas Pogge
• B. Peter Singer
• C. Martha Nussbaum
• D. John Stuart Mill

Hint:

Martha Nussbaum = Capabilities Approach. She believes justice must go beyond "healthy men" to include the Disabled, the Global Poor, and Animals.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Concept: Martha Nussbaum is a prominent contemporary political philosopher known for her development of the Capabilities Approach alongside Amartya Sen. Her book *Frontiers of Justice* (2006) addresses the limitations of traditional social contract theories.

Step 1: Critique of the Social Contract.
Nussbaum argues that traditional theories of justice (like those of John Rawls) are based on a contract between "equal" and "productive" citizens. She points out that this model fails to address three "unsolved problems" of justice:
• Disability: How do we treat people with physical and mental impairments fairly?
• Nationality: What are our obligations to people in other nations?
• Species Membership: What do we owe to non-human animals?

Step 2: The Capabilities Approach.
Instead of a contract, Nussbaum proposes that justice should be measured by what people are actually "able to do and to be." She identifies a list of "Central Capabilities" (like bodily health, senses/thought, and affiliation) that every government must provide to all living beings to ensure a life with dignity.

Step 3: Inclusivity.
By focusing on capabilities rather than social contracts, Nussbaum extends the reach of justice to include those who were previously marginalized or excluded by political philosophy.