Question

Which Philosopher believes that meaningful skepticism always presupposes the ground of certainty?

• A. David Hume
• B. G. E. Moore
• C. Bertrand Russell
• D. Ludwig Wittgenstein

Hint:

For the idea that doubt needs a background of certainty, remember Wittgenstein's On Certainty.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Concept:
Wittgenstein discussed certainty and skepticism in his later philosophy, especially in On Certainty. He argued that doubt itself requires a background of certainty.

Step 1: Understand skepticism.
Skepticism means doubt about knowledge claims. But meaningful doubt cannot be unlimited. If everything is doubted, then even the meaning of doubt becomes unclear.

Step 2: Understand ground of certainty.
Wittgenstein says that some basic certainties work like hinges. They are not normally doubted because they make ordinary questioning and doubting possible.

Step 3: Connect with Wittgenstein.
The idea that meaningful skepticism presupposes certainty is strongly associated with: \[ \text{Ludwig Wittgenstein} \] Hence: \[ \boxed{\text{Ludwig Wittgenstein}} \]