Step 1: Protein secondary structure (α-helix, β-sheet) can be determined by CD spectroscopy and FTIR, as they measure characteristic absorption patterns.
Step 2: X-ray crystallography provides 3D structural information, including secondary structure.
Step 3: Mass spectrometry is powerful for protein identification, sequencing, and modifications, but not for direct determination of secondary structure content.
Final Answer: Mass spectrometry cannot be used for secondary structure determination.
\[\boxed{\text{Correct Answer: (C)}}\]