Ecological pyramids typically represent a simplified view of energy flow or biomass within an ecosystem. The limitations of ecological pyramids include:
No place for saprophytes: Saprophytes (decomposers) play a crucial role in nutrient cycling but are often not explicitly represented in ecological pyramids.
Simplified food chains: Ecological pyramids often depict simple, linear food chains, while in reality, ecosystems have complex food webs.
Ignoring same species at multiple trophic levels: Some species can occupy multiple trophic levels (e.g., an omnivore). Ecological pyramids often don’t account for this.
The statement “It accommodates a food web” is not a limitation; it would be an improvement if they did.
| List I | List II |
|---|---|
| A. The Evil Quartet | III. Causes of biodiversity losses |
| B. Ex situ conservation | I. Cryopreservation |
| C. Lantana camara | II. Alien species invasion |
| D. Dodo | IV. Extinction |

A constant voltage of 50 V is maintained between the points A and B of the circuit shown in the figure. The current through the branch CD of the circuit is :
| List I | List II |
|---|---|
| A. The Evil Quartet | III. Causes of biodiversity losses |
| B. Ex situ conservation | I. Cryopreservation |
| C. Lantana camara | II. Alien species invasion |
| D. Dodo | IV. Extinction |