Question

Which of the following is NOT demonstrated by studies with Great Apes like Koko and Washoe and Sarah?

• A. The capacity to produce rule-governed, novel messages.
• B. The capacity for symbolic communication.
• C. The manual dexterity for signing.
• D. The ability to teach other members of the species.

Hint:

Human language is distinguished by generative grammar—the ability to produce infinite novel sentences using rules—which ape studies have not demonstrated.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Step 1: Understanding ape language studies.
Studies involving great apes such as Koko, Washoe, and Sarah explored whether non-human primates could acquire aspects of human language, especially through sign systems and symbols.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
(B) Symbolic communication was demonstrated, as apes learned to associate signs or symbols with objects and actions.
(C) Manual dexterity for signing was clearly shown through the use of sign language and symbol boards.
(D) Teaching behaviour was observed in limited forms, including imitation and guided learning.
(A) Rule-governed, novel message production was not convincingly demonstrated, as apes did not show evidence of syntactic creativity comparable to human language.
Step 3: Conclusion.
While apes showed symbolic understanding and communication skills, they did not demonstrate the ability to generate rule-governed and novel linguistic structures.
Final Answer: (A)