Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Conjugated proteins contain non-protein prosthetic groups (phosphate, carbohydrate, lipid, or heme) covalently attached to the polypeptide chain.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Evaluating the conjugated proteins:
1. Casein: The major phosphoprotein of milk (constituting $\approx 80\%$ of bovine milk protein), containing serine and threonine residues post-translationally esterified with phosphate groups (forming phosphoserine clusters that chelate calcium as calcium caseinate micellar complexes).
2. Immunoglobulin G: Glycoprotein.
3. Albumin: Simple globular protein.
4. Beta-lipoprotein: Conjugated lipid-protein complex.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Hence, Casein is a phospho-protein, corresponding to option (C).