Question:
Which of the following are the initial and final steps during the process of ecological succession?
Which of the following are the initial and final steps during the process of ecological succession?
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Succession flow:
Nudation $\rightarrow$ Invasion $\rightarrow$ Competition $\rightarrow$ Stabilization
Updated On: May 8, 2026
- Nudation and Aggregation
- Invasion and Competition
- Competition and co-action
- Nudation and Stabilization
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Concept: Ecological succession is the gradual development of a community in an area over time, involving several stages.
• Nudation: Formation of a bare area (initial stage)
• Invasion: Arrival of species
• Competition and co-action: Interaction among species
• Reaction: Modification of environment
• Stabilization (climax): Final stable community
Step 1: Identify initial stage.
Succession begins with nudation (bare surface formation).
Step 2: Identify final stage.
Ends with stabilization (climax community formation).
Step 3: Analyze options.
• (A) Aggregation: Intermediate stage
• (B) Invasion and competition: Intermediate
• (C) Intermediate processes
• (D) Nudation and stabilization: Correct
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct initial and final steps are nudation and stabilization. Final Answer: Option (D)
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