Question:

Which among the following are not stages in the formal process of social research?
A. Belief in Myths
B. Analysis of data
C. Report writing
D. Review of Literature
E. Speculative analysis
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Show Hint

Formal research requires empiricism. Beliefs (myths) and guesses (speculation) have no place in a structured scientific inquiry.
Updated On: Jun 4, 2026
  • A and B Only
  • B, C and D Only
  • C, D and E Only
  • A and E Only
Show Solution
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The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Concept: Formal social research must adhere to the scientific method, which relies on empirical evidence and systematic, reproducible procedures to establish validity.

Step 1: Essential components of formal research include "Review of Literature" (D) , "Analysis of data" (B) , and "Report writing" (C).

Step 2: "Belief in Myths" (A) relies on subjective faith, while "Speculative analysis" (E) relies on conjecture without empirical validation.

Step 3: Because A and E lack the necessary empirical and systematic rigor required by the scientific method, they do not constitute formal stages of research.

Step 4: The question asks to identify which are *not* stages of formal research, confirming A and E.

Step 5:

Step 6: Option (4) is the correct choice as it isolates the non-scientific components of the list. $$\boxed{\text{(4) A and E Only}}$$
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