Step 1: The quadruple (quad) test is a second-trimester maternal serum screening test for aneuploidies and neural tube defects. Step 2: It measures four analytes: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and inhibin A. Step 3: The optimal window to draw the quad test is the second trimester, usually between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation, which corresponds to option c. Step 4: The earlier windows in options a, b, and the start of d correspond to first-trimester or combined-screening timing (such as the dual test or nuchal translucency at 11 to 14 weeks), not the quad test, so 15 to 20 weeks is correct.