Question

The Land Revenue System in Indian Agriculture during the British period consisted of:
• [A.] Zamindari System
• [B.] Ryotwari System
• [C.] Mahalwari & Malguzari System
• [D.] Community System Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. A, B and C only
• B. A and B only
• C. B, C and D only
• D. C and D only

Hint:

Remember the three major British Land Revenue Systems: \[ \boxed{ \begin{aligned} \text{Zamindari} &\rightarrow \text{Permanent Settlement}, \text{Ryotwari} &\rightarrow \text{Direct settlement with cultivators}, \text{Mahalwari} &\rightarrow \text{Settlement with villages/mahals}. \end{aligned} } \] Mnemonic: \[ \boxed{\text{ZRM} = \text{Zamindari} \rightarrow \text{Ryotwari} \rightarrow \text{Mahalwari}} \]

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Concept: During the British rule in India, different land revenue systems were introduced in different regions to collect land revenue efficiently. These systems determined the relationship between the government and cultivators. The major land revenue systems were:
• Zamindari System -- Introduced by Lord Cornwallis under the Permanent Settlement (1793), where zamindars collected revenue from cultivators.
• Ryotwari System -- Introduced mainly by Thomas Munro in Madras and Bombay Presidencies, where revenue was collected directly from cultivators (ryots).
• Mahalwari & Malguzari System -- Introduced in parts of North-Western Provinces, Punjab, Central India and some other regions, where villages or estates (mahals) were responsible for revenue payment. The Community System was not a recognized British land revenue system in India.

Step 1: Examine each of the given systems. \[ \begin{aligned} \text{Zamindari System} &\rightarrow \text{British Land Revenue System}, \text{Ryotwari System} &\rightarrow \text{British Land Revenue System}, \text{Mahalwari \& Malguzari System} &\rightarrow \text{British Land Revenue System}, \text{Community System} &\rightarrow \text{Not a British Land Revenue System}. \end{aligned} \]

Step 2: Identify the correct combination. Only the first three systems formed the principal land revenue systems under British administration. Hence, \[ \boxed{\text{A, B and C only}} \] This corresponds to \[ \boxed{\text{(A) A, B and C only}} \]