Question

Match List - I with List - II.

\[ \begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline \textbf{List - I (Theorists)} & \textbf{List - II (Books/Ideas)} \\ \hline A.\ \text{Ernst Schumacher} & I.\ \text{The Tragedy of the Commons} \\ \hline B.\ \text{Garrett Hardin} & II.\ \text{Stolen Harvest} \\ \hline C.\ \text{Murray Bookchin} & III.\ \text{The Ecology of Freedom} \\ \hline D.\ \text{Vandana Shiva} & IV.\ \text{Small is Beautiful} \\ \hline \end{array} \]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

• A. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
• B. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• C. A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
• D. A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II

Hint:

Hardin = Commons (Why sharing fails). Schumacher = Small (Why big economics fails). Vandana Shiva = Seeds/Harvest (The Indian perspective on ecology).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Concept: This matching question highlights key figures and texts in environmental political thought and ecological economics that challenge traditional developmental paradigms.

Step 1: Linking Economics and Resource Theory.

• A. Ernst Schumacher (Small is Beautiful): Published in 1973, this book critiqued modern economics and advocated for "intermediate technology" and human-scale development. (A-IV)
• B. Garrett Hardin (The Tragedy of the Commons): This influential 1968 essay describes how individuals acting in their own interest can deplete a shared resource, leading to collective ruin. (B-I)

Step 2: Linking Social Ecology and Global Activism.

• C. Murray Bookchin (The Ecology of Freedom): A leading theorist of "social ecology," Bookchin argued that environmental problems stem from social hierarchies and domination within human society. (C-III)
• D. Vandana Shiva (Stolen Harvest): An Indian environmentalist and scholar, Shiva’s work critiques corporate globalization and the patenting of seeds, focusing on "bio-piracy" and the loss of agricultural biodiversity. (D-II)

Step 3: Final Sequence.
The combination A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II matches Option (4).