Question

Match List - I with List - II. \[ \begin{array}{ll|ll} & List - I & & List - II A. & \text{Śūnyatā} & I. & \text{Removal of Duality} B. & \text{Svabhāva-Nirākaraṇa} & II. & \text{Refutation of independent existence} C. & \text{Satyadvaya} & III. & \text{Existence based on relations} D. & \text{Pratītyasamutpāda} & IV. & \text{Lokasaṃvṛtti and Paramārtha} \end{array} \] Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

• A. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• B. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• C. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• D. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Hint:

Core Madhyamaka sequence: \[ \text{Dependent Origination} \Rightarrow \text{Emptiness} \Rightarrow \text{No independent essence} \] This is Nāgārjuna's central philosophical framework.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Concept: The Madhyamaka philosophy founded by Nāgārjuna explains reality through emptiness, dependent origination, and the doctrine of two truths. The school rejects all forms of permanent independent essence.

Step 1: Understanding Śūnyatā. Śūnyatā means emptiness. It signifies the transcendence of conceptual opposites such as: \[ \text{existence} \quad \text{vs.} \quad \text{non-existence} \] Thus, Śūnyatā implies removal of dualistic thinking. Hence: \[ A \rightarrow I \]

Step 2: Understanding Svabhāva-Nirākaraṇa. Svabhāva means inherent independent nature. Nirākaraṇa means negation or refutation. Thus, Svabhāva-Nirākaraṇa means: \[ Refutation of independent existence \] Hence: \[ B \rightarrow II \]

Step 3: Understanding Satyadvaya. Madhyamaka recognizes two levels of truth:
• Lokasaṃvṛtti-satya -- conventional truth
• Paramārtha-satya -- ultimate truth Together these form: \[ Satyadvaya \] Hence: \[ C \rightarrow IV \]

Step 4: Understanding Pratītyasamutpāda. Pratītyasamutpāda means dependent origination. Everything exists only because of conditions and relationships. Nothing possesses isolated independent being. Thus: \[ Existence based on relations \] Hence: \[ D \rightarrow III \]

Step 5: Final Conclusion. The final matching becomes: \[ A-I,\quad B-II,\quad C-IV,\quad D-III \] Therefore, the correct answer is: \[ \boxed{(1)} \]