Question

Match List - I with List - II. \[ \begin{array}{ll|ll} & List - I & & List - II A. & \text{Pratyākṣa} & I. & \text{Atadvyāvartana} B. & \text{Anumāna} & II. & \text{Nirvikalpaka Jñāna} C. & \text{Apoha} & III. & \text{Svārtha-Parārtha} D. & \text{Anātma} & IV. & \text{Pañcaskandha} \end{array} \] Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

• A. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
• B. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• C. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
• D. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

Hint:

Important Buddhist logic associations:
• Pratyākṣa $\rightarrow$ Nirvikalpaka
• Apoha $\rightarrow$ Exclusion
• Anātma $\rightarrow$ Five aggregates

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Concept: This question concerns Buddhist epistemology and ontology, especially the theories developed by Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. These thinkers refined Buddhist logic, inference, perception, and linguistic philosophy.

Step 1: Understanding Pratyākṣa. In Buddhist logic, Pratyākṣa (perception) is defined as direct, immediate, and non-conceptual cognition. Dignāga defines perception as: \[ Kalpanāpoḍha \] meaning “free from conceptual construction.” Thus, perception corresponds to: \[ Nirvikalpaka Jñāna \] Hence: \[ A \rightarrow II \]

Step 2: Understanding Anumāna. Anumāna means inference. Buddhist logic classifies inference into:
• Svārthānumāna -- inference for oneself
• Parārthānumāna -- inference for others Therefore: \[ Anumāna \rightarrow Svārtha-Parārtha \] Hence: \[ B \rightarrow III \]

Step 3: Understanding Apoha. The theory of Apoha explains meaning through exclusion. A word does not indicate a universal essence positively; rather, it functions through excluding what it is not. For example: \[ \text{Cow} = \text{Not non-cow} \] This principle is called: \[ Atadvyāvartana \] meaning exclusion of the non-related. Hence: \[ C \rightarrow I \]

Step 4: Understanding Anātma. The doctrine of Anātma states that there is no permanent self or soul. What appears as “personality” is merely a temporary combination of five aggregates called: \[ Pañcaskandha \] These are:
• Rūpa
• Vedanā
• Saṃjñā
• Saṃskāra
• Vijñāna Hence: \[ D \rightarrow IV \]

Step 5: Final Conclusion. The complete matching becomes: \[ A-II,\quad B-III,\quad C-I,\quad D-IV \] Therefore, the correct answer is: \[ \boxed{(2)} \]