In Indian theories of knowledge, some schools of thought uphold that there is no self-validity of knowledge (svatah-prāmāṇya), and others accept extrinsic validity of knowledge (paratah-prāmāṇya). Which of the following schools of Indian thought accept paratah-prāmāṇya?
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In Indian epistemology, identify whether a school emphasizes internal (svatah) or external (paratah) validation of knowledge.
- Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika accept paratah-prāmāṇya, meaning that the validity of knowledge is established by external factors or sources.
- Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta generally uphold svatah-prāmāṇya, the intrinsic validity of knowledge.
Thus, the correct answer is Nyāya (C) and Vaiśeṣika (D).
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