Concept: If determinant is zero, rows are linearly dependent. Use row operations.
Step 1: Apply row operations. \[ R_1 \rightarrow R_1 - R_3,\quad R_2 \rightarrow R_2 - R_3 \] \[ \Rightarrow \begin{vmatrix} a-1 & a^2-1 & a^3-1 \\ b-1 & b^2-1 & b^3-1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 0 \]
Step 2: Factor expressions. \[ a^2-1 = (a-1)(a+1),\quad a^3-1 = (a-1)(a^2+a+1) \] \[ b^2-1 = (b-1)(b+1),\quad b^3-1 = (b-1)(b^2+b+1) \] Factor \((a-1)\) from \(R_1\) and \((b-1)\) from \(R_2\): \[ = (a-1)(b-1) \begin{vmatrix} 1 & a+1 & a^2+a+1 \\ 1 & b+1 & b^2+b+1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 0 \]
Step 3: Simplify determinant. \[ R_1 \rightarrow R_1 - R_3,\quad R_2 \rightarrow R_2 - R_3 \] \[ \Rightarrow \begin{vmatrix} 0 & a & a^2+a-1 \\ 0 & b & b^2+b-1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} \] Expanding along first column: \[ = \begin{vmatrix} a & a^2+a-1 \\ b & b^2+b-1 \end{vmatrix} \]
Step 4: Evaluate. \[ = a(b^2+b-1) - b(a^2+a-1) \] \[ = ab^2 + ab - a - a^2b - ab + b \] \[ = ab^2 - a^2b - a + b \] \[ = ab(b-a) - (a-b) = (a-b)(-ab - 1) \]
Step 5: Use given condition. \[ (a-1)(b-1)(a-b)(ab+1) = 0 \] Given \(a \neq b\), so \(ab+1 = 0 \Rightarrow ab = -1 \]
Let \( D = \begin{vmatrix} n & n^2 & n^3 \\ n^2 & n^3 & n^5 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{vmatrix} \). Then \( \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{M_{11} + C_{33}}{(M_{13})^2} \) is: