Step 1: Understanding regulatory services.
Ecosystem services are benefits provided by ecosystems to humans. Regulatory services include processes that maintain environmental balance and ecosystem health.
Step 2: Analyze given items.
- Afforestation: Trees regulate climate, air quality, and water cycle → regulatory service.
- Water purification: Wetlands and forests filter pollutants naturally → regulatory service.
- Wildlife: Maintaining biodiversity regulates ecosystem balance → regulatory service.
- Flood protection by Mangroves: Mangroves buffer against coastal flooding → regulatory service.
Step 3: Conclusion.
All four options (I, II, III, IV) are examples of regulatory services.