Question

From evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in:

• A. Liverworts
• B. Mosses
• C. Pteridophytes
• D. Gymnosperms

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

The correct answer is Pteridophytes. Let's understand the reasoning step-by-step:

1. Understanding the Concept: In the context of plant evolution, one key aspect is how the retention of the female gametophyte and the developing embryo on the parent sporophyte has evolved. This feature allows for enhanced protection and nutrition, facilitating the successful development of the embryo.
2. Liverworts: These are simple, non-vascular plants belonging to the group Bryophytes. Liverworts reproduce through a cycle of gametophyte and sporophyte generations; however, they don't retain the female gametophyte with the young embryo on the parent sporophyte.
3. Mosses: Like liverworts, mosses are also non-vascular and belong to the Bryophytes. The sporophyte generation is dependent on the gametophyte, but the retention of the female gametophyte with the young embryo as mentioned in the question is not prominent.
4. Pteridophytes: This group marks a significant evolutionary step as they are vascular plants, unlike the simpler Bryophytes. In Pteridophytes, notably Ferns, the retention of the female gametophyte with the developing embryo on the parent sporophyte can be observed, indicating an evolutionary advancement.
5. Gymnosperms: These plants also show retention of the female gametophyte and embryo but are more evolved than Pteridophytes. The retention seen in Gymnosperms is more advanced and distinct, compared to the first appearance of this feature in Pteridophytes.

Thus, from an evolutionary standpoint, the Pteridophytes are the first group where the retention of the female gametophyte with a developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte is notably observed. This evolution allows for a gradual transition to more complex plant forms like Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.