A ground reaction curve (GRC) of a 3 m radius unlined circular tunnel is shown in the figure. The tunnel is supported by 300 mm thick shotcrete lining. The uniaxial compressive strength (\( \sigma_c \)), modulus of elasticity (\( E_c \)) and Poisson’s ratio (\( \nu \)) of shotcrete material are 20 MPa, 15 GPa, and 0.25 respectively. The maximum capacity (\( p_{{max}} \)) of the lining and its stiffness (\( k \)) are given as: \[ p_{{max}} = \frac{1}{2} \sigma_c \left( 1 - \frac{(a - t)^2}{a^2} \right) \] \[ k = \frac{E_c (a^2 - (a - t)^2)}{(1 + \nu)\left[(1 - \nu) a^2 + (a - t)^2\right]} \] where \( a \) = radius of the unlined tunnel and \( t \) = thickness of the lining. If the lining is constructed after 5 mm radial deformation, the support reaction is best represented by the line shown in the figure.
