The mechanism of \(\mathrm{S_N1}\) reaction is given as :

A student writes general characteristics based on the given mechanism as :
(a) The reaction is favoured by weak nucleophiles.
(b) \(\mathrm{R^+}\) would be easily formed if the substituents are bulky.
(c) The reaction is accompanied by racemization.
(d) The reaction is favoured by non-polar solvents.