Question:
Which one among the following is NOT a pramāṇa in Sāṅkhya epistemology?
Which one among the following is NOT a pramāṇa in Sāṅkhya epistemology?
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In Sāṅkhya philosophy, the accepted pramāṇas include perception, inference, and testimony, but comparison is not considered a valid means of knowledge.
Updated On: Nov 21, 2025
- Comparison (upamāna)
- Perception (dṛṣṭa/pratyakṣa)
- Inference (anumāna)
- Valid testimony (āptavacana)
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding pramāṇas.
In Sāṅkhya epistemology, the valid sources of knowledge are called pramāṇas. These include perception, inference, and valid testimony. Comparison (upamāna) is not considered one of the pramāṇas in Sāṅkhya.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
- (A) Comparison (upamāna): This is not a pramāṇa in Sāṅkhya epistemology, as the system does not recognize it as a valid source of knowledge.
- (B) Perception (dṛṣṭa/pratyakṣa): This is a valid pramāṇa, as it refers to direct sensory experience.
- (C) Inference (anumāna): This is a valid pramāṇa, as it involves logical deduction based on observed phenomena.
- (D) Valid testimony (āptavacana): This is a valid pramāṇa, as it refers to knowledge gained from reliable sources.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (A) Comparison (upamāna), as it is not considered a pramāṇa in Sāṅkhya.
In Sāṅkhya epistemology, the valid sources of knowledge are called pramāṇas. These include perception, inference, and valid testimony. Comparison (upamāna) is not considered one of the pramāṇas in Sāṅkhya.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
- (A) Comparison (upamāna): This is not a pramāṇa in Sāṅkhya epistemology, as the system does not recognize it as a valid source of knowledge.
- (B) Perception (dṛṣṭa/pratyakṣa): This is a valid pramāṇa, as it refers to direct sensory experience.
- (C) Inference (anumāna): This is a valid pramāṇa, as it involves logical deduction based on observed phenomena.
- (D) Valid testimony (āptavacana): This is a valid pramāṇa, as it refers to knowledge gained from reliable sources.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (A) Comparison (upamāna), as it is not considered a pramāṇa in Sāṅkhya.
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