Question:

No national productivity measures are available for underground industries that may exist but remain unreported. On the other hand, at least some industries that are run entirely by self-employed industrialists are included in national productivity measures. From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that

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Having a productivity measure means “not underground”; some self-employed industries have one, so some of them are not underground.
Updated On: Jul 15, 2026
  • there are at least some industries run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are underground industries
  • no industries that are run entirely by self-employed industrialists operate underground
  • there are at least some industries other than those run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are underground industries
  • there are at least some industries run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are not underground industries
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The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Concept.
Translate the two facts: Fact 1: underground industries have no productivity measures (so “has a productivity measure” means “not underground”). Fact 2: some self-employed-run industries do have productivity measures.

Step 2: Combine the facts.
Since Fact 2 tells us some self-employed-run industries have productivity measures, and Fact 1 tells us anything with a productivity measure is not underground, those particular self-employed-run industries must not be underground.

Step 3: Check option A.
This says the opposite of what we derived, so it is wrong.

Step 4: Check option B.
This is too strong a claim (“no industries... operate underground”); the passage only tells us about “at least some”, not all, so this goes beyond what is validly supported.

Step 5: Check option C.
The passage gives no information at all about industries outside the self-employed category, so this cannot be validly concluded.

Step 6: Check option D.
This exactly matches the derived conclusion: some self-employed-run industries are shown, by having productivity measures, to not be underground.

Step 7: Final Answer.
Option D is the valid conclusion.
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