Question

Match the following:

List - I (Thinker)	List - II (Idea Proposed)
A. Robert Redfield	I. Geminschaft and Gesellschaft
B. Ferdinand Tonnies	II. Little and Great Tradition
C. Herbert Spencer	III. Cyclical Theory of Social Change
D. Pitrim Sorokin	IV. Social Darwinism

• A. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
• B. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
• C. A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
• D. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Hint:

Key takeaway: Redfield is linked to traditions, Tonnies to community/society, Spencer to evolution/Darwinism, and Sorokin to social cycles.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Concept: The study of social structure and change requires understanding the specific theoretical contributions of classical sociologists and anthropologists.

Step 1: Robert Redfield, an anthropologist, extensively studied folk societies and developed the dual concepts of "Little Tradition" and "Great Tradition" (II) to understand cultural development in civilizations.

Step 2: Ferdinand Tonnies is renowned for his fundamental sociological dichotomy contrasting the close-knit, communal life of "Geminschaft" with the impersonal, associational life of "Gesellschaft" (I).

Step 3: Influenced by biological evolution, Herbert Spencer applied the principles of "survival of the fittest" to social structures, a theory widely recognized as "Social Darwinism" (IV).

Step 4: Pitrim Sorokin focused on the long-term patterns of societal evolution, famously proposing a "Cyclical Theory of Social Change" (III) that moves between sensate and ideational cultures.

Step 5: By mapping the theorists to their specific concepts (A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III), we find that option (4) is the accurate selection. $$\boxed{\text{(4) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III}}$$