Question

According to the article, Sangwan-Vemuganti team's cutting-edge procedure of implanting cornea grown from stem cells is considered a major advancement by the experts because

• A. They derive stem cells from embryos.
• B. Their labs are customised to grow stem cells.
• C. They regrow cells in hearts, brains, livers with stem cells from tissues of living adults.
• D. They derive stem cells from tissues of living adults and grow cells in labs.
• A. Patients requiring any corneal transplant
• B. Patients with damaged corneas
• C. Patients with damaged eyes of any kind
• D. None of the above
• A. To be good at analysing and finding out a method of how an existing drug is made.
• B. As they are good researchers of drugs.
• C. As they are good at carrying out experiments to create generic drugs.
• D. As they are able to carry out drug trials on large samples.
• A. By following procedures published in research papers
• B. By inventing a totally new procedure
• C. By experimenting with procedures published in journals
• D. By following the instruction of the transplant surgeon
• A. Lab table; related to genes
• B. Method; related to genes
• C. Lab experiments; without a brand name
• D. Methodology; without a brand name

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Understand what the question is asking.
The question asks why experts see the Sangwan-Vemuganti procedure as a major advance. The answer has to come straight from what the passage says makes their method different from other stem cell work happening elsewhere.

Step 2: Locate the relevant lines in the passage.
The passage says the team "uses stem cells found in the tissues of living adults, not ones derived from embryos," and that they grow these cells into working corneal tissue in the lab, with about 80 successful procedures a year.

Step 3: Match this against the options.
Option 1 is wrong because the passage explicitly rules out embryonic stem cells. Option 2 is wrong because the advance is not about customised labs, it is about the source and success of the cells. Option 3 is wrong because regrowing hearts, brains and livers is what other teams around the world are attempting with slow progress, not what Sangwan and Vemuganti achieved; their success is specifically with corneas. Option 4 correctly states that they take stem cells from living adults and grow them into functioning tissue in the lab, which is exactly what the passage credits as the breakthrough.

Final Answer:
The team's advance lies in using adult, not embryonic, stem cells and successfully growing them into corneal tissue in the lab. \[ \boxed{\text{They derive stem cells from tissues of living adults and grow cells in labs}} \]

Answer 2

Step 1: Understand the question.
The question asks which group of patients the Sangwan-Vemuganti procedure is meant for, so the answer must match the exact patient group named in the passage, not a broader or narrower group.

Step 2: Find the exact phrase in the passage.
The passage states that Sangwan "surgically implants corneas grown in a petri dish from stem cells... in patients with damaged eyes." This is the direct description of who receives the procedure.

Step 3: Compare each option to this phrase.
Option 1 says "any corneal transplant," which is too broad, since the passage is about this specific stem-cell method, not every kind of corneal transplant. Option 2 narrows the group to only "damaged corneas," but the passage uses the wider phrase "damaged eyes." Option 3 matches the passage word for word: patients with damaged eyes. Option 4 is ruled out because option 3 is directly supported by the text.

Final Answer:
The passage names the patient group as those with damaged eyes, which is option 3. \[ \boxed{\text{Patients with damaged eyes of any kind}} \]

Answer 3

This question asks why the world takes special notice of what Sangwan and Vemuganti achieved, tying it to a reputation Indian scientists already have. The passage spells out that reputation in one sentence, so the task is to match it to the right option.

1. To be good at analysing and finding out a method of how an existing drug is made: The passage says "Indians are well known for reverse engineering, meaning they can deduce how drugs are made in order to produce generic versions." Deducing how something already made works is exactly analysing and finding out its method, so this matches.
2. As they are good researchers of drugs: This is too vague and is not what the passage credits Indians with; the text is specific about reverse engineering existing drugs, not general drug research.
3. As they are good at carrying out experiments to create generic drugs: This shifts the emphasis to the experiments themselves rather than the analytical skill of figuring out how a drug was made, which is the actual point the passage makes.
4. As they are able to carry out drug trials on large samples: Drug trials are not mentioned anywhere in the passage in connection with this reputation.

Since reverse engineering means working backward from a finished drug to figure out its method of manufacture, the first option is the one that actually describes this skill.

Let's summarize:

• Reverse engineering is about analysing an existing product to find out how it was made, not inventing something new.
• The passage ties this reputation to producing generic drug versions after reverse engineering the originals.

The correct answer is that Indians are known for analysing and finding out the method behind an existing drug, option (A).

Answer 4

Step 1: Understanding the Question.
The question asks how Vemuganti, the pathologist, actually arrived at her method for growing corneas in a petri dish, based on what the passage tells us about her process.

Step 2: Locate the relevant sentence.
The passage says Sangwan and Vemuganti "developed the technique on their own from reading papers and running experiments in the lab." This mentions two things together: reading published research and then testing it hands-on in the lab.

Step 3: Match this to the options.
Option 1 mentions only "following procedures published in research papers," which misses the hands-on experimentation part and makes it sound passive. Option 2, "inventing a totally new procedure," is wrong because the passage says they built on papers they had read, not something from nothing. Option 3, "experimenting with procedures published in journals," captures both halves correctly: procedures that came from published journal papers, tested through her own experiments. Option 4 is unsupported, since Vemuganti worked out the growing method herself; the surgeon only proposed that they collaborate.

Final Answer:
Vemuganti combined reading published research with her own lab experiments, which matches option 3. \[ \boxed{\text{By experimenting with procedures published in journals}} \]

Answer 5

Step 1: Understanding the Question.
The question asks for the meaning of two words as they are actually used in the passage: "platform" and "generic." Both words have everyday meanings that do not fit here, so context has to decide the answer.

Step 2: Work out "platform" from its sentence.
The passage says Vemuganti's "major innovation was developing a platform on which to grow corneas," and then describes this platform as a whole system: a glass tube, a placenta tissue surface, and stem cells placed in a growth medium. This is a systematic procedure, so "platform" here means a method or methodology, not a physical stage or lab table.

Step 3: Work out "generic" from its sentence.
The passage talks about Indians producing "generic versions" of drugs through reverse engineering. In this drug context, "generic" means a version of a drug sold without the original manufacturer's brand name, once the patent has expired.

Step 4: Match the pair to the options.
Option 1 makes "platform" a lab table and "generic" about genes, both wrong senses. Option 2 keeps "method" for platform but wrongly ties "generic" to genes. Option 3 gets "generic" right but wrongly reduces "platform" to lab experiments rather than a methodology. Option 4 pairs "methodology" with "without a brand name," matching both words correctly.

Final Answer:
Platform means methodology and generic means without a brand name, so the answer is option 4. \[ \boxed{\text{Methodology; without a brand name}} \]