Question

In the Hardy–Weinberg principle, genetic equilibrium is affected by:

• A. Mutation
• B. Gene migration
• C. Genetic drift
• D. All of these

Hint:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is like a "still pond." Mutation, Migration, and Selection are the "stones" that create ripples and change the water's state.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant (in equilibrium) from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
The mathematical equilibrium is expressed as: $$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$$ Where $p$ and $q$ represent the frequency of alleles.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
For equilibrium to exist, five conditions must be met: no mutation, no gene flow (migration), large population size (no genetic drift), random mating, and no natural selection. If any of these occur, the equilibrium is disturbed:
• Mutation: Introduces new alleles.
• Gene migration: Moves alleles in or out of a population.
• Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequency in small populations.

Step 4: Final Answer:
All of the listed factors (Mutation, Gene migration, and Genetic drift) affect genetic equilibrium.