Question

‘Francois Bernier contrasted what he saw in India with the situation in Europe.’ Explain the statement with examples.

Hint:

Bernier’s observations provide valuable insight into how Europe perceived India’s governance and social practices in the 17th century.

Answer 1

Francois Bernier, a French physician and traveler, spent a considerable amount of time in India in the 17th century. In his writings, he compared Indian society and politics with those of Europe. Some key contrasts include:
1. Political System: Bernier noted that the Indian political system was more despotic and lacked the political freedoms found in Europe. He observed that the Mughal emperor had absolute power, unlike the constitutional monarchies of Europe.
2. Social Structure: He remarked on the rigid caste system in India, which he found to be much more entrenched than the class systems in Europe. In Europe, class mobility was more possible, whereas in India, caste determined one’s social status for life.
3. Economic Practices: Bernier noted that India was a prosperous country with a rich agricultural base, but it lacked the industrialization seen in Europe. He found Indian economic practices, including trade, to be less advanced than those in Europe.
Thus, Bernier’s writings provide a European perspective on India’s socio-political and economic systems during the Mughal era.